“It Wasn’t Me”: Rethinking the Right of Publicity in the Context of AI-Generated Content
Alexa Spitz Critics have chastised the right of publicity for expanding beyond its practical and moral justifications. Although the criticism is meritorious, technological advancements call for a reevaluation of the right of publicity’s role in protecting the public from AI-generated “deepfakes.” Deepfake technology exudes exciting potential, but it also threatens to misappropriate and exploit individuals’ identities to the detriment of both victims and the public at large. Bad actors have already leveraged deepfake technology to perpetrate acts of nonconsensual pornography, bullying, and deceptive advertising. Such abuses inflict feelings of helplessness and loss of control on victims, and those feelings are...
The Great Cyberwall: Navigating China’s Cross-Border Data Laws
Christopher Tan In recognition of data’s growing significance as a corporate asset, Chinese authorities have embarked on a strategic initiative to regulate data usage and safeguard individual privacy and rights. As Beijing increasingly prioritizes national security interests, the Chinese government is enhancing its data security regulations to address national security concerns. The changes have led to greater scrutiny of cross-border data transfers, as well stricter regulations for multinational firms in China. This Article seeks to clarify the complexities of China’s data laws while emphasizing how companies should enhance their understanding of these regulatory nuances. Adopting a proactive stance and implementing...
The Heart of Artificial Intelligence in the Music Industry: Amending the Music Modernization Act to Promote Transparency
Emily Rockwell In recent months, the music industry has continually called for comprehensive legislation or executive action to regulate the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in music production. Even so, the United States government has yet to propose regulations or executive measures to oversee the social and economic impacts of AI on consumer-driven industries such as music. In contrast, the European Parliament has recently developed a comprehensive plan to regulate the rapid expansion of AI technology. This Article explores the numerous impacts of emerging AI technology upon music production and examines how current legislation such as the Music Modernization Act...
Copyright Thickness, Thinness, and a Mannion Test for Images Produced by Generative Artificial Intelligence Applications
Molly Torsen Stech Human authorship has always been, and continues to be, a foundational requirement for copyright protection to subsist in a work. Generative artificial intelligence (AI) challenges this prerequisite but does not overcome it. The output of generative AI is not discernibly different from the output of a human author and therefore benefits from a false sheen of originality. While some argue that prompt engineering fulfills the requirements of originality––the threshold for which is quite low across jurisdictions––prompting still lacks the requisite link between human creativity and the resulting work to receive copyright protections. International copyright treaties and domestic...
BLOG POST: Looking Through the Lens: Can Photography’s Past Support the Copyrightability of AI Art?
Emily Luu *This writing is a blog post. It is not a published IPTF Journal article. The public release of text-to-image models, such as Midjourney and DALL-E, has allowed users to easily create AI-generated images using only a few words.[1] Text-to-image models take user-generated prompts and, within seconds, produce an image matching that description.[2] Although text-to-image programs are a new type of visualization tool that significantly increase accessibility to artistic works for artists and non-artists alike, they have also drawn criticism from traditional artists who view this innovation only as a tool used for perpetuating uncreativity and “copycat” works.[3]As of...
A Case for Crying Over Spilled Milk: Dosage and Bioavailability in the Patent Subject Matter Eligibility of Dietary Supplements
Jacqueline Short Dietary supplement use among Americans has become increasingly prevalent following the COVID-19 pandemic. Manufacturers of dietary supplements depend on patents for success in a competitive market. In order to be patent eligible, supplements cannot be too similar to the natural substances from which they derive. The United States Patent and Trademark Office outlines the markedly different characteristics test, which courts use to determine whether supplements are unique enough to receive patents. Yet the patent cases of two supplements, ChromaDex and Natural Alternatives, reveals significant confusion around the role of dosage and bioavailability of supplements under the markedly different characteristics analysis. This...
How Existing Patent Regulations Encourage Competition in the “Super Shoe” Race
Emma McMillan Since Roger Bannister broke the four-minute mile barrier in the mid-1950s, the American public has become increasingly obsessed with achieving the impossible. In 2016, the U.S. Patent Office approved Nike’s ground-breaking and controversial patent on its first of many “super shoes,” the Vaporfly, a shoe utilizing a new lightweight foam and carbon fiber plate designed to maximize energy return and enhance running performance. Since then, dozens of other manufacturers have succeeded in developing their own super shoes. Despite this progress, however, critics contend that the approval of Nike’s Vaporfly patent not only threatens the integrity of running as...
Hands Off My Post: Rethinking Section 230 and Private Online Platform Liability
Justin Sells Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic and the Israel-Hamas conflict, private online platforms, namely, social media websites such as Facebook, Instagram, and X (formerly Twitter), have censored their respective users by removing, downgrading, or materially altering users’ posts. Before Murthy v. Missouri, the United States government encouraged and coerced private online platforms to censor users. Arguably, the joint efforts of the U.S. government and private online platforms to censor users have resulted in First Amendment violations, copyright infringement, and breach of contract. Private online platforms, however, are shielded from liability under 47 U.S. Code Section 230. This Article argues that...
Regulating Into the Void: Existential Uncertainty from a AI Necessitates a New Federal Research Agency
Alexander C. Kurtz Abstract: Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is a nascent technology that threatens great harm while simultaneously promising significant benefits. Although AI possesses incredible capabilities to solve problems and complete tasks, it also poses two major threats: technological dislocation and existential catastrophe. Accordingly, the novelty and power of generative AI has led to calls for regulation, including requests for a new federal agency. This Article examines whether Congress should authorize a new federal agency for AI and, if so, what its scope of authority should be. In contemplating such regulation, it is important to consider whether existing agencies can...
Shock & Awe: Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems and the Erosion of Military Accountability
Austin Tarullo In 2023, the United States Department of Defense announced plans to deploy autonomous weapons systems by 2025. These weapons, which can select and fire upon targets without human intervention, are no longer the lore of science fiction. Although fears that such weapons will lower the barriers to entry to war have spurred global calls to ban them, the Department of Defense’s announcement confirmed that the use of autonomous weapons is inevitable. AI applications in other sectors––including consumer products, medical diagnoses, and law enforcement––have illuminated shortcomings inherent to intelligent algorithms, including bias, opaqueness, an inability to comprehend causation, and...