Group 1: Colleen Burke, Oressa Gray-Mullen

How do the theoretical frameworks evolve and change from one to the other?

Starting with Modernization, this framework is a bit more narrow and highlights a divide between “civilized” and “uncivilized,” viewing certain societies (modern) as more productive. Within the Modernization framework, it is expected that in order to become modern, a nation or community must adopt the values and structure of a “modern” state and replace their traditions. This modern pursuit is a western ethnocentric ideal based upon the nation-state framework and was established during high American and Soviet influence after WWII. Modernization expects a radical but gradual and lengthy process towards homogeneousness as the third world countries move towards the first.

This moves forward into Dependency, with the idea that underdeveloped states are subordinate to the first world core. This concept was developed from neo-marxism and Keynes’ economic theory. However, one of the main differences and changes from Modernization to Dependency, is that within the Dependency framework it is believed that “peripheral nations experience most economic development when ties to the core are weakest.” The many are marginalized as social inequalities and economic growth rise during economic denationalization and domestic industrialization. 

Beyond this, we come to the World Systems Model, in which the economy and framework is viewed at a more macro level, looking at it as a global, dependent network rather than as separate nations/regions. As international communications developed and more multinational events and change occurred, the World Systems Model grew in the 1960s. 

Which ultimately leads us to Globalization, a framework that highlights social relations stretching facilitated by communications, media, and transportation and allows room for conditions to vary based on cultural factors within each nation. While also transcending the nation-state divides, globalization expects deterritorialization and radical new relationships. The goal of Globalization appears to be for more interconnectedness while attempting to “transcend homogenization” which is very far from Modernization, which assumes things must be replaced and taken over in a way.

How do the frameworks lack further explanations as to how people live their lives? 

Looking at theories of Modernization and Dependency, there is a clear ethnocentrism. However, there are ways of reaching modern ideals of success that do not match the ethnocentric view of modernization. Additionally, the fluctuation of wealth in third world countries diminish dependency theory. There is information missing on how the “periphery” nations or the third world countries maintain their own independence and cultural practices, as both theories call for them to essentially bow to “core” nation attributes in order to rise. There is a clear misunderstanding of the third world’s conditions and desires for progress and how that progress would look best for them (rather than assuming the “modern” Western states know best). It is

interesting to look at World Systems and Globalization and consider how we maintain and share individual cultures, communities, and practices while becoming so interconnected with technology and communication. Although this scale feels all encompassing, it is also too macroscopic to realistically reflect on people’s lives. 

How does the economics piece connect people in different ways through mobility and education?Over time, major changes in theory are due to political motion and human events both effecting or being the product of economic change internationally and within different regimes. Multinational economics has the capacity to strengthen bonds between nations through interdependent trade and a capitalist free flowing market. This can lead to denationalized economics; the capitalistic market is central to Globalization and Dependency theory rather than the nation-states bound geographically. This demands change in education or the thinking around people’s identities and goals. In the world systems theory, a nation’s economic system should be understood in relation to the world-system- a change in perception for economic gain. In modernization, the modern ideals are built around industrial progress for economic gain. To become “civilized” means to unlearn or leave behind the uncivilized. Depending on where you began, economics may be a motivation for people to migrate or seek out education in another space, specifically a wealthy first world country. It also has the capacity to connect people through jobs, or encourage movement to different nations in search of a new job or new opportunities for economic growth.

Jill Clark Group 2

This Youtube video is titled Interviews from Quito: The Flow of Migrants in Ecuador. This interview takes a look at the flow of migrants arriving in Ecuador from neighboring countries. This video reiterates and clarifies some of the main points made by Slodidad Alverez Velazco in her videos: Migrant Flows and Migrant Stories: Racism and Transferable Education. 

The videos discussed the flow of migration to Ecuador from neighboring countries and from countries around the world. The videos discuss the arduous routes that immigrants must take and how a migratory journey can change one’s perception of the world.

What I found most interesting, but not surprising is that the media contributes to misinformation and stereotypes that people may have about immigrants. Consequently, immigrants face descrimination and prejudice and are unable to earn livable wages. The videos noted that immigrants generally are often not looked at for what value they can bring to a county. When in fact, many immigrants come with education and are highly skilled. They should not be looked at as a threat but as an opportunity to generate innovation and growth. 

I was having trouble keeping up with the subtitles, so I asked my friend who is from Ecuador to translate to make sure that I did not miss any important points. After she watched the video’s she told me that her parents migrated to the United States from Ecuador in the 1960s. She said that in Ecuador her father held a degree in engineering. However, because of the language barrier, and racism, he was never able to work as an engineer in the United States. 

Refrences 

telesur. (2019). Interviews from quito: flow of migration from ecuador. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cz7AC1wI0UQ. 

Group 3 Natalie Bankhead, Melissa Janco, Paige McCary

• How do the theoretical frameworks evolve and change from one to the other? 

These theoretical frameworks evolve and change from one to the other due to different historical events and overall changes in global society.  Modernization was brought about after  WWII. Modernization is the initial movement of development and theorizes that rural environments and States undergo a systematic transformation to urbanized environments through industrialization and a transformation of traditional values. This Western/Americanization is nearly impossible to reverse.

 Modernization shifts to a Dependency Theory model explaining the exploitation of labor and resources from periphery countries to core countries wherein resources and wealth accrue. The Dependency Theory holds that to counteract this exploitation, national markets and national industrialization need to be developed in order to create stronger local markets and standard of living.  The Theory of Dependency began in the 1950’s as a result of several different prominent theories at the time including neo-marxism and Keynes’ economic theory.  Modernization and the Theory of Dependency are both derived from research conducted on third world development.  

The World Systems model considers a global economy instead of nation states and seeks to seek the upward and downward mobility in world economy focusing on the semi-periphery and periphery of the global economy. The Theory of World Systems emerged in the 1960’s. At this time many societal changes and economic changes were evolving on an international level rather than that of the states. 

Globalization theory considers massive increase of global communications at every levels to change the culture and enables virtual economic transactions empowering minorities but overall businesses and powerful elite are the decision makers for world economic and social structures

Overall, these four theories are focused around research and studying third world countries’ development.  They all have an emphasis on sciences and technology. 

• How do the frameworks lack further explanations as to how people live their lives? 

The earlier frameworks of Modernization and the Theory of Dependency both seem to lack an explanation as to how people in third world countries maintain their own individual cultures, traditions and customs while also improving their financial and political standings in the world.  As economic theory evolves towards Globalization, there seems to be more of an opportunity for individuals to maintain their cultures and interact in a global economy. 

 Lastly, it seems that these theories focus on the systems at play, but lack regard for the way these massive transitions would uproot the lives of individuals.  These changes impact the types of jobs available, the infrastructure in their area, cultural wisdom, and use of natural resources.  

Overall, these frameworks fail to take account of our limited and shared natural resources as well as the emerging regenerative movement that encourages localized and decreased economies. They see development and economy in terms of industrialization and technological advancement rather than living in harmony with the earth and communities. 

• How does the economics piece connect people in different ways through mobility and education? 

These economic models account for distribution of resources and why people would need to migrate  and redistribute themselves in relation to the economic evolution from rural to urban, developing to industrial regions and as a result transform their sociocultural values in order to survive. 

Economics connects people through jobs and through the distribution of resources.  People often move for job opportunities and educational opportunities.  Additionally, people often seek education based on the types of skills that will provide them with employment opportunities.

This globalization and migration is seen in the migration patterns of South America to North America. Individuals are often from a rural environment and coming to work in industrial jobs in city centers due to lack of resources, instability, and economic opportunity.

Sunday morning, I spoke to a woman working at a hotel in Phoenix, Arizona who had arrived to the United States just two months ago. She said she was told it would be warm here. We gazed over the city’s industrial parking lot and gently spoke of the Nicaragua landscape. Her name was Cynthia and she had a young daughter. I too was suffering from a culture shock having returned to the U.S. to try and teach youth about food system. I threw away so much food that week and having known hunger in Nicaragua it deeply broke my heart. Urulsa A. Kelly in her work Losing Place: Reluctant Leavings and Ambivalent Returns claims migration is type of death, a transition needing a type of mourning not often given or address culturally. Kelly writes of migration and death, “death, it seems, cannot be allowed to disrupt the economies of efficiency that organize contemporary (postcapitalist) life. The moment in the morning was brief, but there was very few individuals who could meet us in our liminal state. And I am grateful for the human connection.

Cynthia told me hesitantly of the journey, the difficulty at the Mexican border and how we left her daughter for fear of loosing her in the States. $100 here, she said is actually not that much money and in Nicaragua it could last a month. I nodded and thought of the young 21 year old Angel, a Nicaraguan I had met three weeks prior. He was preparing to take the journey by land from Nicaragua to the United States. Roughly 3 months, 5k in coyote fees, and exponential danger. I urged him not to go, knowing his dream to work in a nice hotel like this woman. Perhaps he too would not find his dream in the reality of the US economy. I prayed he would be as lucky as Cynthia to at least arrived safely and find work. e said it was dangerous now in Nicaragua.

I asked Cynthia why she chose to come. She said it was dangerous now in Nicaragua.

According to November 2021 reports “authorities caught over 50,000 Nicaraguans trying to cross the U.S. border illegally in 2021, up from 2,291 in 2020, according to Customs and Border Protection data. Erlinton Ortiz was deported last year, one of over 5,000 Nicaraguans returned from the United States since 2019, into the hands of an administration that Washington has accused of civil rights abuses, corruption and holding sham elections.”

That is a shocking increase from country the size of an East Coast State. Moreso when one considers the number of undocumented migrants that have arrived to stay into the United States and the many who were turned around, returned or killed on the journey.

The stories of fear from Nicaragua began increasing in Central America around 2018 when student protest were first met with violence on the street. However, the current situation of increased violence and migration is not gaining the coverage the needed coverage in the national news. According to USN News article, judges are sending Nicaraguans back to their country without understanding the situation or dynamics in Nicaragua, deporting in a fashion that is against international civil rights.

Interestingly, “Under U.S. law, asylum seekers cannot secure U.S. residency because they are fleeing gang violence. They must convince authorities they have credible fear of persecution on grounds of their race, religion, nationality, or political opinions.” It seems our notions of asylum are deeply dependent on the context of our morals. In a region plagued by gang violence due to US government insurrection, gang violence is a very serious and worthy reason for migration and asylum. However, our legal system contextualizes asylum based on our sense of constitutional rights.

“In Nicaragua, it’s about state terrorism,” Orozco said. The White House did not reply to a request for comment.”

I am humbled by the reality that so many people are fleeing their homes out of fear from the States and local violence. I am humbled when I think of my young friend Angel making the journey. Because one you leave you cannot return. To migrate is a type of death. In my travels in Central America, I distinctly remember the people I met who were deported. They felt like angry, lost souls. Stuck in the limbo between here and there. I agree with Kelly, our governments and culture do not understand the psychological implications of migration. Justice would look like legal and social systems that would gently support the transition to a new life

After reading about the theories, I became interested in learning more about how the Dependency Theory affects educational systems in periphery countries like Nepal. Periphery countries are those that are less developed than the semi-periphery and core countries. The country of Nepal fits this definition. It is politically unstable, it has a corrupt bureaucracy, there is a lack of industry, and Its political situations have always been compromised because of interference from China, India (Kalam, 2020).

In this very interesting documentary The Most Dangerous Ways to School, the children of Nepal have to travel for more than two hours to get to school. In their travels, they must cross a dangerous river on a cable in a basket. This video also brings to light the economic and social disparities between the rich and the poor.

It is possible for an underdeveloped county to become developed? According to Keynes’ economic approach, in order for a country to become developed it must improve the following: 1.) develop an important internal effective demand in terms of domestic markets; 2)  recognize that the industrial sector is crucial to achieving better levels of national development, especially due to the fact that this sector, in comparison with the agricultural sector, can contribute more value-added to products; 3)  increase worker’s income as a means of generating more aggregate demand in national market conditions. 4. To promote a more effective government role in order to reinforce national development conditions and to increase national standards of living (Reyes, 2020) However, is this possible when the Dependency Theory is designed to benefit core countries?

This video describes the interesting predicament of the over and under identification of Language Learners for Special Education Services. As a Special Educator I have seen both sides of this problem. I have worked with students who were identified with a Speech and Language disability with areas of weaknesses including reading, writing and speech who is also identified as a Language Learner. These students are often labeled with a disability, when in reality their weaknesses are stemming in not having enough time to learn the language. Conversely, I currently have a student who is identified with a Learning Disability who was not identified until third grade as a result of being a Language Learner. They were waiting to see how the student responded to language interventions prior to pursuing a Special Education referral. This student has significant weaknesses in the areas of decoding, encoding and math. As a result of being a Language Learner as a young child, they were not identified early enough to receive early intervention for their disability, which may have impacted their progress early on. In many of the school districts that I have worked in, when a Language Learning student is identified for Special Education, their ELL services are discontinued and replaced for Special Education services. These services have different purposes and there have been many instances where I have had to advocate for students to be able to receive both services because that it what is appropriate to meet the students needs. Additionally, I have also had several experiences with students who have immigrated to the country with a documented disability, which creates an interesting situation. Legally, districts are required to provide these students with special education, but the student is also still adjusting to American schools and learning the language. We have had to create extremely specific and creative programs to provide students with the services that they require.

Overall, the intersection of the Special Education process, Immigration and Language Learning process can be an incredibly complex and nuanced conversation.

Jill Clark

Although Haiti has had many tragedies and is one of the poorest countries in the western hemisphere, It is has a rich history and the Island full of vivid beauty. I chose this video because fifty percent of my students are from Haiti. In fact, I have one student that just came to the United States about two months ago. Am also intrigued by how they have endured so much, but yet remain strong.

When I studied abroad in Florence, I got the opportunity to teach English in a fourth year classroom in a Florentine primary school. There were twenty-five students in the class, with one student having recently immigrated from Morocco. My cooperating teacher told me that he was having trouble fitting in with his classmates, particularly because of his minimal Italian language abilities. It became a goal of my lessons to incorporate socialization among classmates so that he would eventually become more comfortable doing so on his own.

This image is an example of work this student would produce during my lessons. This student amazed me because, despite the challenges, he was able to use the Italian he knew to learn English. Towards the end of my time at that school, this student was showing great progress in both languages. He also started to become more confident when interacting with his classmates. I learned a lot from all of my students in that class, but my experience with this particular student really stuck with me.

This poster hangs in the front lobby of my school. I smile every morning when I walk by it because it serves as a reminder that no matter who you are or where you are from, you are welcome in our school community. 

I often wonder what students think when they view this poster. I hope that when a new student from another county enters the school they can find “welcome” in their language and know they are seen and will be accepted for who they are.