Opium and its derivatives such as morphine and heroin originate in the sap of the poppy plant, which grows easily in certain parts of the world. In different places at difference times, states and populations have cultivated poppies for the purposes of creating opium.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
“From Poppy to Coffee: How Thailand Became a Model for Alternative Development.” Accessed May 10, 2022. https://thaiembdc.org/2021/08/18/a-model-for-alternative-development/.
Lentz, Christian C. “Cultivating Subjects: Opium and Rule in Post-Colonial Vietnam.” Modern Asian Studies 51, no. 4 (July 2017): 879–918. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0026749X15000402.
Lone, Sai. “Opium Farmers in Myanmar: The Lives of Producers of Prohibited Plants.” Transnational Institute, September 20, 2019. https://www.tni.org/en/article/opium-farmers-in-myanmar-the-lives-of-producers-of-prohib ited-plants#:~:text=By%201898%2C%20opium%20had%20become,more%20than%20a% 20century%20ago .
Peter, Zsombor. “Myanmar’s Economic Meltdown Likely to Push Opium Output Up, Says UN.” VOA. Accessed May 10, 2022. https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_myanmars-economic-meltdown-likely-pu sh-opium-output-says-un/6206434.html.
Transnational Institute. “Poppies, Opium, and Heroin: Production in Colombia and Mexico,” April 16, 2018. https://www.tni.org/en/publication/poppies-opium-and-heroin-production-in-colombia-and- mexico.
United States. 1993. Opium poppy cultivation and heroin processing in Southeast Asia. Drug Enforcement Administration, Intelligence Division, Strategic Intelligence Section. https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/141189NCJRS.pdf
Bibliography for images subject to copyright :
Spies, John. Mien (Yao) Woman in a Poppy Field, Early 1980s. October 22, 2021. HILL TRIBES AND THE CULTIVATION OF OPIUM. https://www.green-trails.com/hill-tribes-and-the-cultivation-of-opium/.
An Old Picture of the First Opium Manufacturer in Vietnam. June 29, 2020. Vietnam’s History with Opium. https://www.itourvn.com/blog/vietnam-s-history-with-opium.
A Member of Pat- Jassan a Grassroots Anti-Drug Organization Picking up Poppy Flowers. . Myanmar’s New Opium War: Vigilantes, Villagers Clash Over Drug Trade. HIKUN LAT Associated Press, March 25, 2016. https://www.wsj.com/articles/myanmars-new-opium-war-vigilantes-villagers-clash-over-dr ug-trade-1458935295.
Wall Street Journal, UNDOC. Golden Triangle Statistical Data. November 1, 2012. UN Reports Heroin Poppie Cultivation in Golden Triangle Has Doubled. https://www.chiangraitimes.com/news/un-reports-heroin-poppie-cultivation-in-golden-trian gle-has-doubled/.
Golden Triangle poppy, lanced and oozing opium latex. (2017) Attribution: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. https://mythailand.blog/2020/04/30/portrait-of-a-golden-triangle-opium-farmer/
REUTERS/Carlos Jasso. Soldiers cut opium poppies as they destroy a field of illegal plantation in the Sierra Madre del Sur, in the southern state of Guerrero, Mexico, August 25, 2018. https://www.businessinsider.com/r-as-opium-poppies-bloom-mexico-seeks-to-halt-heroin-tr ade-2019-2#despite-unprecedented-violence-across-the-country-mexican-president-andres- manuel-lopez-obrador-said-last-week-that-the-government-had-officially-ended-its-war-ag ainst-drug-trafficking-a-military-led-offensive-launched-in-2006-that-led-to-a-surge-in-blo odshed-as-criminal-groups-splintered-4