{"id":2494,"date":"2025-09-19T15:53:54","date_gmt":"2025-09-19T19:53:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/?page_id=2494"},"modified":"2025-11-24T17:38:06","modified_gmt":"2025-11-24T22:38:06","slug":"about","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/about\/","title":{"rendered":"About DLEM"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.kb-row-layout-id2494_93720a-23 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id2494_93720a-23 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id2494_93720a-23 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:var(--wp--style--global--content-size);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-lg, 3rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id2494_93720a-23{background-color:var(--global-palette9, #ffffff);}.kb-row-layout-id2494_93720a-23 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_93720a-23 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_93720a-23 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id2494_93720a-23 alignfull has-theme-palette9-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top kb-theme-content-width\">\n<style>.kadence-column2494_e881e4-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_e881e4-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_e881e4-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_e881e4-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_e881e4-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_e881e4-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_e881e4-fc{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_e881e4-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_e881e4-fc > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_e881e4-fc inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id2494_5f8d0d-00 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id2494_5f8d0d-00 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id2494_5f8d0d-00 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:var(--wp--style--global--content-size);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxl, 5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id2494_5f8d0d-00{background-color:var(--global-palette9, #ffffff);}.kb-row-layout-id2494_5f8d0d-00 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_5f8d0d-00 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_5f8d0d-00 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id2494_5f8d0d-00 alignfull has-theme-palette9-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top kb-theme-content-width\">\n<style>.kadence-column2494_94f1d0-76 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_94f1d0-76 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_94f1d0-76 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_94f1d0-76 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_94f1d0-76 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_94f1d0-76 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_94f1d0-76{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_94f1d0-76 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_94f1d0-76 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_94f1d0-76 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-xl-font-size\">Our Goals<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', Times, serif;font-size:20px;line-height:2;text-align:justify\"> The mission of the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) is to advance a comprehensive, process-based understanding of how terrestrial ecosystems respond to natural and human-induced drivers across multiple spatial and temporal scales. By integrating carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles with land use, vegetation dynamics, and climate variability, DLEM aims to generate spatially explicit, data-driven simulations that support improved prediction of greenhouse gas emissions, ecosystem productivity, and environmental change.\n\nDLEM strives to provide a scientifically robust platform for assessing the impacts of climate change, land management, and policy interventions on ecosystem services and global sustainability. Through collaboration with interdisciplinary research communities, DLEM seeks to enhance our collective capacity to address pressing societal challenges related to food security, climate mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and resilient land stewardship.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id2494_283b16-99 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:end;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id2494_283b16-99 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:end;}.kb-row-layout-id2494_283b16-99 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:var(--wp--style--global--content-size);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id2494_283b16-99{background-color:var(--global-palette9, #ffffff);}.kb-row-layout-id2494_283b16-99 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_283b16-99 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_283b16-99 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id2494_283b16-99 alignwide has-theme-palette9-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-bottom kb-theme-content-width\">\n<style>.kadence-column2494_c41a68-24 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_c41a68-24 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_c41a68-24 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_c41a68-24 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_c41a68-24 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_c41a68-24 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_c41a68-24{position:relative;}.kadence-column2494_c41a68-24, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column2494_c41a68-24:not(.specificity){margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_c41a68-24 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_c41a68-24 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_c41a68-24\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id2494_c7b8ae-ba > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id2494_c7b8ae-ba > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id2494_c7b8ae-ba > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:var(--wp--style--global--content-size);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxl, 5rem);padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(35% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem ) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(65% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem ) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id2494_c7b8ae-ba > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id2494_c7b8ae-ba{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-lg, 3rem);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_c7b8ae-ba > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:0px;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_c7b8ae-ba > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id2494_c7b8ae-ba alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top kb-theme-content-width\">\n<style>.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xl, 4rem);}.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13{align-self:center;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13{align-self:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13{align-self:auto;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13{align-self:center;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_dc9a68-13 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-xl-font-size\"><strong><em>Components <\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;background:#fafafa;border-left:6px solid #891a12;padding:26px 28px;border-radius:10px;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;color:#222\">\n\n  <!-- Title -->\n  <div style=\"font-size:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#891a12;margin-bottom:16px\">\n    DLEM Model Description\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Content (your paragraph converted to this style) -->\n  <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:20px;line-height:1.7\">\n    The DLEM is a terrestrial ecosystem model that couples major biogeochemical cycles,\n    hydrological cycle, and vegetation dynamics to estimate daily carbon, nitrogen,\n    and water fluxes and pool sizes.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <div style=\"height:44px\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column2494_3e1459-b4 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_3e1459-b4 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_3e1459-b4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_3e1459-b4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_3e1459-b4 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_3e1459-b4 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_3e1459-b4{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_3e1459-b4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_3e1459-b4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_3e1459-b4\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-image2494_86c980-61.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image2494_86c980-61 .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:749px;width:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image2494_86c980-61.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image2494_86c980-61 .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:unset;}.kb-image2494_86c980-61{max-width:749px;}.image-is-svg.kb-image2494_86c980-61{-webkit-flex:0 1 100%;flex:0 1 100%;}.image-is-svg.kb-image2494_86c980-61 img{width:100%;}.kb-image2494_86c980-61 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image2494_86c980-61 size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1108\" height=\"769\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-17-175809.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-2908\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-17-175809.png 1108w, https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-17-175809-300x208.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-17-175809-1024x711.png 1024w, https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/Screenshot-2025-11-17-175809-768x533.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1108px) 100vw, 1108px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kadence-column2494_4c8453-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_4c8453-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_4c8453-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_4c8453-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_4c8453-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_4c8453-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_4c8453-8f{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_4c8453-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_4c8453-8f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_4c8453-8f\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column2494_acbf46-61 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_acbf46-61 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_acbf46-61 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_acbf46-61 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_acbf46-61 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_acbf46-61 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_acbf46-61{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_acbf46-61 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_acbf46-61 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_acbf46-61\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kadence-column2494_255a3d-cf > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_255a3d-cf > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_255a3d-cf > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_255a3d-cf > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_255a3d-cf > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_255a3d-cf > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_255a3d-cf{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_255a3d-cf > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_255a3d-cf > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_255a3d-cf\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image uagb-block-b785463d wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-static wp-block-uagb-image--align-none\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/gbc20281-fig-0001-m-1024x710.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-2689\" width=\"345\" height=\"238\" title=\"gbc20281-fig-0001-m\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;background:#fafafa;border-left:6px solid #891a12;padding:26px 28px;border-radius:10px;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;color:#222\">\n  \n  <!-- Title -->\n  <div style=\"font-size:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#891a12;margin-bottom:14px\">\n    Soil Biogeochemistry\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Content -->\n  <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:20px;line-height:1.7\">\n    The soil biogeochemistry component simulates N mineralization,  \n    nitrification\/denitrification, NH\u2083 volatilization, leaching of soil mineral N,  \n    decomposition, and fermentation.\n  <\/p>\n  <div style=\"height:44px\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id2494_374e67-62 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id2494_374e67-62 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id2494_374e67-62 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:var(--wp--style--global--content-size);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxs, 0.5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id2494_374e67-62{background-color:var(--global-palette9, #ffffff);}.kb-row-layout-id2494_374e67-62 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_374e67-62 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_374e67-62 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id2494_374e67-62 alignfull has-theme-palette9-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top kb-theme-content-width\">\n<style>.kadence-column2494_6af004-a7 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_6af004-a7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_6af004-a7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_6af004-a7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_6af004-a7 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_6af004-a7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_6af004-a7{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_6af004-a7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_6af004-a7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_6af004-a7 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kadence-column2494_3ea7c3-97 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_3ea7c3-97 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_3ea7c3-97 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_3ea7c3-97 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_3ea7c3-97 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_3ea7c3-97 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_3ea7c3-97{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_3ea7c3-97 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_3ea7c3-97 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_3ea7c3-97\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;background:#fafafa;border-left:6px solid #891a12;padding:26px 28px;border-radius:10px;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;color:#222\">\n  \n  <!-- Title -->\n  <div style=\"font-size:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#891a12;margin-bottom:14px\">\n    Biophysics\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Content -->\n  <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:20px;line-height:1.7\">\n    The biophysical component includes the instantaneous exchanges of energy, water \n    and momentum with the atmosphere. It includes aspects of micrometeorology, canopy \n    physiology, soil physics, radiative transfer, hydrology, and surface fluxes of \n    energy, moisture and momentum that influence simulated surface climate.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <div style=\"height:40px\"><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image uagb-block-d53f0ec7 wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-static wp-block-uagb-image--align-none\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/Figure-1-Dynamic-Land-Ecosystem-Model-DLEM.png.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-2693\" width=\"326\" height=\"309\" title=\"Figure-1-Dynamic-Land-Ecosystem-Model-DLEM.png\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kadence-column2494_a01da4-90 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_a01da4-90 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_a01da4-90 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_a01da4-90 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_a01da4-90 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_a01da4-90 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_a01da4-90{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_a01da4-90 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_a01da4-90 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_a01da4-90\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image uagb-block-bca5bb0d wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-static wp-block-uagb-image--align-none\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/Simplified-simulations-of-land-use-change-processes-in-Dynamic-Land-Ecosystem-Model_W640.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-2694\" width=\"362\" height=\"249\" title=\"Simplified-simulations-of-land-use-change-processes-in-Dynamic-Land-Ecosystem-Model_W640\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;background:#fafafa;border-left:6px solid #891a12;padding:26px 28px;border-radius:10px;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;color:#222\">\n\n  <!-- Title -->\n  <div style=\"font-size:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#891a12;margin-bottom:14px\">\n    Land Use and Management\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Content -->\n  <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:20px;line-height:1.7\">\n    The land use change and management component simulates the biogeochemistry\n    of managed ecosystems, including agricultural ecosystems, plantation\n    forests, and pastures.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <div style=\"height:80px\"><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column2494_ae0e33-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_ae0e33-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_ae0e33-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_ae0e33-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_ae0e33-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_ae0e33-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_ae0e33-0e{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_ae0e33-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_ae0e33-0e > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_ae0e33-0e\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;background:#fafafa;border-left:6px solid #891a12;padding:26px 28px;border-radius:10px;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;color:#222\">\n\n  <!-- Title -->\n  <div style=\"font-size:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#891a12;margin-bottom:14px\">\n    Plant Physiology\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Content -->\n  <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:20px;line-height:1.7\">\n    The plant physiology component in DLEM simulates major physiological processes,\n    such as photosynthesis, autotrophic respiration, carbon allocation among\n    root, stem, and leaf, turnover of living biomass, nitrogen uptake and fixation,\n    transpiration, phenology, and more.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <div style=\"height:40px\"><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image uagb-block-5470dfb4 wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-static wp-block-uagb-image--align-none\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/Structure-of-a-C-N-P-cycles-in-DLEM-CNPC-enters-the-ecosystems-through-vegetation-CO2_W640.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-2696\" width=\"452\" height=\"322\" title=\"Structure-of-a-C-N-P-cycles-in-DLEM-CNPC-enters-the-ecosystems-through-vegetation-CO2_W640\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column2494_4fd516-f4 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_4fd516-f4 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_4fd516-f4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_4fd516-f4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_4fd516-f4 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_4fd516-f4 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_4fd516-f4{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_4fd516-f4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_4fd516-f4 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_4fd516-f4\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image uagb-block-f4f2341a wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-static wp-block-uagb-image--align-none\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/09\/The-simplified-framework-of-Dynamic-Land-Ecosystem-Model-DLEM-for-assessing-the-effects.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-2538\" width=\"392\" height=\"264\" title=\"The-simplified-framework-of-Dynamic-Land-Ecosystem-Model-DLEM-for-assessing-the-effects\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;background:#fafafa;border-left:6px solid #891a12;padding:26px 28px;border-radius:10px;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;color:#222\">\n\n  <!-- Title -->\n  <div style=\"font-size:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#891a12;margin-bottom:14px\">\n    Dynamic Vegetation\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Content -->\n  <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:20px;line-height:1.7\">\n    The dynamic vegetation component in DLEM simulates two major processes:  \n    (1) the biogeographical redistribution of vegetation under changing climate conditions,  \n    and (2) plant competition and succession during vegetation recovery after disturbances.  \n    Similar to most Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), DLEM uses Plant Functional \n    Types (PFTs) to represent vegetation distributions and their ecological traits.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <div style=\"height:10px\"><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column2494_bd38f2-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_bd38f2-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_bd38f2-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_bd38f2-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_bd38f2-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_bd38f2-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_bd38f2-d9{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_bd38f2-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_bd38f2-d9 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_bd38f2-d9\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<div style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;background:#fafafa;border-left:6px solid #891a12;padding:26px 28px;border-radius:10px;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;color:#222\">\n\n  <!-- Title -->\n  <div style=\"font-size:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#891a12;margin-bottom:14px\">\n    Agriculture Management\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Content -->\n  <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:20px;line-height:1.7\">\n    The agriculture management component in DLEM represents a wide range of human \n    activities that directly regulate terrestrial biogeochemistry. It includes crop \n    planting and harvest cycles, fertilizer and manure applications, irrigation, residue \n    management, tillage practices, and crop rotation strategies. These management \n    actions alter ecosystem carbon, nitrogen, and water fluxes, influencing productivity \n    and greenhouse gas emissions across agricultural landscapes.\n  <\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-uagb-image uagb-block-8d5b07bf wp-block-uagb-image--layout-default wp-block-uagb-image--effect-static wp-block-uagb-image--align-none\"><figure class=\"wp-block-uagb-image__figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/1-s2.0-S0168192322003318-gr1_lrg-1-1024x511.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"uag-image-2699\" width=\"392\" height=\"195\" title=\"1-s2.0-S0168192322003318-gr1_lrg\" loading=\"lazy\" role=\"img\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id2494_529d7d-68 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:end;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id2494_529d7d-68 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:end;}.kb-row-layout-id2494_529d7d-68 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:var(--wp--style--global--content-size);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-xxl, 5rem);grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id2494_529d7d-68{background-color:var(--global-palette9, #ffffff);}.kb-row-layout-id2494_529d7d-68 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_529d7d-68 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_529d7d-68 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id2494_529d7d-68 alignwide has-theme-palette9-background-color kt-row-has-bg wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-bottom kb-theme-content-width\">\n<style>.kadence-column2494_6bedd9-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_6bedd9-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_6bedd9-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_6bedd9-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_6bedd9-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_6bedd9-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_6bedd9-0c{position:relative;}.kadence-column2494_6bedd9-0c, .kt-inside-inner-col > .kadence-column2494_6bedd9-0c:not(.specificity){margin-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-md, 2rem);}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_6bedd9-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_6bedd9-0c > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_6bedd9-0c\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.kb-row-layout-id2494_cb614c-8f > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id2494_cb614c-8f > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id2494_cb614c-8f > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);max-width:var(--wp--style--global--content-size);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-right:0px;padding-left:0px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, calc(40% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem ) * 1 )\/2)))minmax(0, calc(60% - ((var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem ) * 1 )\/2)));}.kb-row-layout-id2494_cb614c-8f > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id2494_cb614c-8f{margin-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-lg, 3rem);}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_cb614c-8f > .kt-row-column-wrap{padding-top:0px;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_cb614c-8f > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id2494_cb614c-8f alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top kb-theme-content-width\">\n<style>.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:var(--global-kb-spacing-xl, 4rem);}.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column2494_139b8b-62{align-self:center;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column2494_139b8b-62{align-self:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62{align-self:auto;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column2494_139b8b-62{align-self:center;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_139b8b-62 inner-column-1\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<div style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;background:#fafafa;border-left:6px solid #891a12;padding:26px 28px;border-radius:10px;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;color:#222\">\n\n  <!-- Title -->\n  <div style=\"font-size:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#891a12;margin-bottom:14px\">\n    Input Data\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Content -->\n  <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:20px;line-height:1.7\">\n    To drive DLEM v4.0, long-term spatial datasets at a resolution of 5\u00d75 arc-min \n    were developed, including climate, atmospheric CO\u2082 concentration, nitrogen \n    deposition, soil properties, land use and land cover change, crop rotation, \n    N fertilizer use rates, manure N application rates, irrigation, tillage intensity, \n    and the earliest and latest crop planting dates.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <div style=\"height:40px\"><\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column2494_fe718e-6a > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_fe718e-6a > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_fe718e-6a > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_fe718e-6a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_fe718e-6a > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_fe718e-6a > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_fe718e-6a{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_fe718e-6a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_fe718e-6a > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_fe718e-6a\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-image2494_6a7014-94.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .kb-image2494_6a7014-94 .kb-image-is-ratio-size{max-width:749px;width:100%;}.wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image2494_6a7014-94.kb-image-is-ratio-size, .wp-block-kadence-column > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image2494_6a7014-94 .kb-image-is-ratio-size{align-self:unset;}.kb-image2494_6a7014-94{max-width:749px;}.image-is-svg.kb-image2494_6a7014-94{-webkit-flex:0 1 100%;flex:0 1 100%;}.image-is-svg.kb-image2494_6a7014-94 img{width:100%;}.kb-image2494_6a7014-94 .kb-image-has-overlay:after{opacity:0.3;}<\/style>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-kadence-image kb-image2494_6a7014-94 size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"540\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/inputs_outputs.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"kb-img wp-image-2705\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/inputs_outputs.png 960w, https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/inputs_outputs-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/252\/2025\/11\/inputs_outputs-768x432.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column2494_47bc89-00 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_47bc89-00 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_47bc89-00 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_47bc89-00 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_47bc89-00 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_47bc89-00 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_47bc89-00{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_47bc89-00 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_47bc89-00 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_47bc89-00\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kadence-column2494_e62463-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_e62463-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_e62463-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_e62463-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_e62463-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_e62463-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_e62463-cd{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_e62463-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_e62463-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_e62463-cd\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\"><style>.kb-row-layout-id2494_8c1bcf-01 > .kt-row-column-wrap{align-content:start;}:where(.kb-row-layout-id2494_8c1bcf-01 > .kt-row-column-wrap) > .wp-block-kadence-column{justify-content:start;}.kb-row-layout-id2494_8c1bcf-01 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-md, 2rem);padding-top:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);padding-bottom:var(--global-kb-spacing-sm, 1.5rem);grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}.kb-row-layout-id2494_8c1bcf-01 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.30;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_8c1bcf-01 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2494_8c1bcf-01 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}<\/style><div class=\"kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id2494_8c1bcf-01 alignnone wp-block-kadence-rowlayout\"><div class=\"kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-2-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top\">\n<style>.kadence-column2494_616965-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_616965-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_616965-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_616965-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_616965-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_616965-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_616965-cd{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_616965-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_616965-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_616965-cd\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<div style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;background:#fafafa;border-left:6px solid #891a12;padding:26px 28px;border-radius:10px;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;color:#222;text-align:justify\">\n\n  <!-- Title -->\n  <div style=\"font-size:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#891a12;margin-bottom:20px\">\n    Land Use Data\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Content -->\n  <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:20px;line-height:1.7;margin-bottom:24px\">\n    Land use and land cover (LULC) change is an essential component of global change, \n    which has directly transformed ecosystems across most of Earth&#8217;s ice-free land area. \n    Human-induced LULC changes\u2014such as cropland expansion, deforestation, and \n    urbanization\u2014have profound impacts on climate change, carbon and nitrogen cycles, \n    and biodiversity. Meanwhile, sustainably managing agricultural and forest lands has \n    been recognized as a critical pathway to achieving climate mitigation targets. \n    Therefore, a better understanding of historical LULC patterns and their \n    spatial\u2013temporal dynamics is crucial for quantifying the effects of LULC change \n    on ecosystems and climate.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <!-- Image -->\n  <div style=\"text-align:center;margin:20px 0 20px 0\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/essd.copernicus.org\/articles\/15\/1005\/2023\/essd-15-1005-2023-f05-thumb.png\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:10px\">\n  <\/div>\n\n<!-- Button -->\n<div style=\"margin-top:10px\">\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/essd-15-1005-2023\" target=\"_blank\" data-custom-button=\"hani\" style=\"background:#891a12;color:#ffffff;font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none\">\n    View Dataset \u2192\n  <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<style>.kadence-column2494_a9b00e-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_a9b00e-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_a9b00e-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_a9b00e-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_a9b00e-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_a9b00e-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_a9b00e-82{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_a9b00e-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_a9b00e-82 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_a9b00e-82\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<div style=\"font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;background:#fafafa;border-left:6px solid #891a12;padding:26px 28px;border-radius:10px;margin-top:40px;margin-bottom:40px;color:#222;text-align:justify\">\n\n  <!-- Title -->\n  <div style=\"font-size:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#891a12;margin-bottom:20px\">\n    Nitrogen Inputs\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Content -->\n  <p style=\"margin:0;font-size:20px;line-height:1.7;margin-bottom:24px\">\n    The large amount of excessive reactive nitrogen (N) in terrestrial ecosystems has led \n    to multiple environmental issues. In light of the critical impacts of N excess on the \n    human\u2013Earth system, numerous efforts have been conducted to generate distribution maps \n    of N inputs for different sectors with varied temporal coverage and spatial resolution. \n    We employed multiple statistical data, empirical estimates, atmospheric chemistry model \n    outputs, and high-resolution land use products to generate the HaNi dataset. This \n    comprehensive dataset consists of N fertilizer\/manure application to cropland, manure \n    application\/deposition to pasture, manure deposition to rangeland, and atmospheric \n    N deposition on all agricultural land at a resolution of 5 arcmin for the period \n    from 1860 to 2024.\n  <\/p>\n\n  <!-- Image -->\n  <div style=\"text-align:center;margin-bottom:26px\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/essd.copernicus.org\/articles\/14\/4551\/2022\/essd-14-4551-2022-f04-web.png\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:10px\">\n  <\/div>\n\n  <!-- Button -->\n  <div style=\"margin-top:10px\">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/essd.copernicus.org\/articles\/14\/4551\/2022\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-custom-button=\"hani\" style=\"background:#891a12;color:#ffffff;font-family:'Times New Roman', serif;font-weight:bold;text-decoration:none\">\n      View Dataset \u2192\n    <\/a>\n  <\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<style>.kadence-column2494_09e869-f7 > .kt-inside-inner-col,.kadence-column2494_09e869-f7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}.kadence-column2494_09e869-f7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2494_09e869-f7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2494_09e869-f7 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2494_09e869-f7 > .kt-inside-inner-col:before{opacity:0.3;}.kadence-column2494_09e869-f7{position:relative;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2494_09e869-f7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2494_09e869-f7 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;}}<\/style>\n<div class=\"wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2494_09e869-f7\"><div class=\"kt-inside-inner-col\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:33.33%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Our Goals The mission of the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) is to advance a comprehensive, process-based understanding of how terrestrial ecosystems respond to natural and human-induced drivers across multiple spatial and temporal scales. By integrating carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles with land use, vegetation dynamics, and climate variability, DLEM aims to generate spatially explicit, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":141480,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2494","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"featured_image_src":null,"uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Wensu Hao","author_link":"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/author\/haowe\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"Our Goals The mission of the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) is to advance a comprehensive, process-based understanding of how terrestrial ecosystems respond to natural and human-induced drivers across multiple spatial and temporal scales. By integrating carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles with land use, vegetation dynamics, and climate variability, DLEM aims to generate spatially explicit,&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2494","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/141480"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2494"}],"version-history":[{"count":80,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2494\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3116,"href":"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2494\/revisions\/3116"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sites.bc.edu\/dlem\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2494"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}